PART I: BEFORE THE BROADCAST
BAGAIMANA BERBICARA TENTANG SESUATU YANG SUDAH SELESAI DI MASA LAMPAU
SEBELUM SUATU SAAT YANG LAMPAU
The party began before 9.
We arrived at 9.
By 9 the party HAD already BEGUN.
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE = the PAST PERFECT TENSE
Tense ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum suatu saat tertentu di masa lampau. Dalam pemakaian ini, kata-kata by dan already sering digunakan:
By 9 last night the party had already started
the dancing had already begun
they had already served the food
some people had already eaten
some people had already left
Catatan: Dalam contoh-contoh ini kata already dapat dihilangkan.
SEBELUM SUATU KEJADIAN LAIN DI MASA LAMPAU
I finished my shopping
I met a friend
I HAD FINISHED my shopping when I met a friend
I’D FINISHED my shopping when I met a friend
The Past Perfect Tense juga dipakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum suatu kejadian lain (kejadian kedua) mulai di masa lampau. Bagian kalimat yang melukiskan kejadian kedua dimulai dengan kata when:
I’d already eaten my dinner when a friend dropped in.
She’d already left when he phoned.
The rain had already stopped when the President arrived.
Catatan: Dalam contoh-contoh ini kata already dapat dihilangkan.
Beberapa catatan tentang the Past Perfect Tense
Dalam percakapan sehari-hari dan bahasa tertulis yang bersifat tidak resmi, kata had biasanya disingkat menjadi ‘d [(ə)d]:
he had -> he’d [hīd]
we had -> we’d [wīd] dsb
Kalau kata kerja utama yang dipakai adalah have, maka bentuknya dalam the Past Perfect Tense ialah:
The man had had his dinner (= had eaten his dinner)
He’d had his dinner
Kalau kata kerja utamanya mulai dengan [d], maka singkatan kata had akan sukar didengar. Berlatihlah mengucapkan contoh-contoh ini:
I’d done it [aid DAN_ət] (Selama mengikuti siaran, dengarkanlah dengan seksama contoh-contoh seperti ini.)
She’d driven it [syīd DRIVən_ət]
We’d drunk it [wīd DRANGK_ət]
Kalau tense ini dipakai dengan when, maka kedua bagian kalimatnya dapat dibalik, tanpa mengubah arti kalimat itu:
I’d finished the shopping when I met my friend.
atau: When I met my friend I’d finished the shopping.
SOME QUESTIONS and SOME SHORT ANSWERS
Had the party started by 9? Yes, it had.
Had they served the food by 9? No, they hadn’t.
Had anyone left by 9? No, they hadn’t.
Had the dancing begun by 9? Yes, it had.
SOME “WHY” QUESTIONS (POSITIVE) and SOME “BECAUSE” ANSWERS
Why did you go there? Because I hadn’t been there before.
Why did you tell him? Because no one else had told him.
Why did she check the list? Because no one else had checked it.
SOME “WHY” QUESTIONS (NEGATIVE) and SOME “BECAUSE” ANSWERS
Why didn’t you go and see the film? Because I’d already seen it / I’d seen it before.
I gave her the book. Why didn’t she read it? Because she’d already read it.
Why didn’t you check the list? Because some one else had already checked it.
SOME “HOW” QUESTIONS and SOME ANSWERS
How did you know the story of the film? I’d seen it before.
How did she know the way to the city? She’d been there before.
How did he know her name? He’d met her before.
BE READY FOR THESE WORDS AND PHRASES IN THE BROADCAST
a partner [PĀTnə] = pasangan
a club [KLAB] = kelab/klub
a poker machine [POUkə məsyīn] = mesin jekpot
do the gardening [GĀdəning] = berkebun
a wedding anniversary [WEDing ænəvǣsəri] = hari ulang tahun perkawinan
the Past Perfect Tense [dhə PĀST PƏfikt TENS]
the Past Participle [dhə PĀST PĀtəsipəl]
later [LEItə]
before then [bəFŌ DHEN] = sebelumnya (sebelum saat itu)
read-read-read [RĪD-RED-RED]
drive-drove-driven [DRAIV-DROUV-DRIVən]
we got there = we arrived there [wī GOT dhēə]
Sekarang, mari persiapkan diri untuk mengikuti siaran interaktif berikut:
PART II: AFTER THE BROADCAST
CONVERSATION
JANE: Did you go to the Italian club last week, Cecilia?
CECILIA: Yes, we did. We hadn’t been there before.
JANE: Did you enjoy it?
CECILIA: Oh, yes. We ate squid—I hadn’t eaten it before. And Guido played the poker machines—he hadn’t played them before.
JANE: Did you meet any of your friends at the club?
CECILIA: Yes, we did. Some friends had already arrived when we got there. We had dinner together. They didn’t play the poker machines, though.
JANE: Oh? Why didn’t they play them?
CECILIA: Because they’d played them before. And they’d lost some money. So they didn’t play them last week, they just watched Guido play.
JANE: Did Guido lose any money?
CECILIA: Only two dollars. But he won’t play again!
EXERCISES
A. Pelajarilah contoh berikut, dan kerjakan latihan di bawah ini sesuai dengan contoh tersebut.
Example: The party started at 8. We arrived at 9.
Answer: By nine the party had already started.
- The rain began at 10. He left at 11.
- I ate at 9. I went out at 10.
- She had a shower at 8. She had breakfast at 8.30.
- He finished work at 2. He went to town at 3.
B. Pelajarilah contoh berikut, dan kerjakan latihan di bawah ini sesuai dengan contoh tersebut.
Example: I finished my shopping and later I met a friend.
Answer: I’d finished my shopping when I met a friend.
- The rain began and later I went out.
- He finished work and later I arrived.
- The man died and later the doctor arrived.
- I had a shower and later my friend dropped in.
- He corrected the papers and later the student called around.
- She went out and later I rang her.
C. Pelajarilah contoh-contoh berikut, dan kerjakan latihan di bawah ini sesuai dengan contoh tersebut.
Example: Why did she tell him? (TELL)
Answer: Because she hadn’t told him before.
Example: Why didn’t she go to the film? (SEE)
Answer: Because she’d already seen it.
Example: How did she know his name? (MEET)
Answer: She’d already met him.
- Why didn’t she borrow the book? (READ)
- How did she know the answer? (HEAR)
- Why did she check it? (CHECK)
- Why did she eat it? (TRY)
- Why didn’t she laugh at my joke? (HEAR)
- How did she know your address? (VISIT — ME)
- Why did she go there? (BE)
- Why didn’t she count the money? (COUNT)
Mau lancar cas-cis-cus bahasa Inggris dari nol hingga mahir tanpa repot keluar rumah? Yuk, mulai belajar sekarang!
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