Pelajaran 90 – Menarik Kesimpulan Dari Keterangan yang Ada

PART I: BEFORE THE BROADCAST

Masih ingat . . . . . ? KEMUNGKINAN (Lihatlah kembali Lesson 83)

Kemungkinan di MASA KINI atau MASA DEPAN

It’s cloudy. It MAY rain.

Chris isn’t in his room. He MIGHT be in the garden.

Your sunglasses COULD be in your room.

Dan di MASA LAMPAU

Chris isn’t here. He MAY HAVE gone out.

He’s late. He MIGHT HAVE missed the bus.

Lucia’s out. She COULD HAVE gone over to Chris’s.

Sekarang . . . . . . . . . . . MENARIK KESIMPULAN DARI KETERANGAN YANG ADA

Kesimpulan positip tentang MASA KINI atau MASA DEPAN (MUST + BENTUK DASAR KATA KERJA)

MARGARET: His name’s Hadi. He MUST be Indonesian.

JANE: Yes. And his friend’s name is I Made Sudira. He MUST come from Bali.

BERT: The exhibition starts on the seventeenth.

CHRIS: Well, today’s the sixteenth. It MUST start tomorrow.

Dalam contoh-contoh ini dipakai MUST + BENTUK DASAR KATA KERJA untuk menyatakan suatu kesimpulan yang pasti, yaitu kesimpulan satu-satunya yang dapat ditarik dari keterangan yang ada/diberikan. Kadang-kadang kita tidak 100% yakin, tetapi merasa cukup pasti untuk memakai pola tadi:

BERT: Margaret MUST be in the kitchen. She’s usually there at this time.

JANE: Chris sees Lucia almost every day. He MUST like her a lot.

MAX: You’ve been running! You MUST be hot.

Kesimpulan negatip tentang MASA KINI atau MASA DEPAN (CAN’T + BENTUK DASAR KATA KERJA)

BERT: There’s someone knocking at the door. Perhaps it’s Fred.

CHRIS: No, it CAN’T be Fred. He’s in Melbourne.

JANE: I haven’t seen Mary today.

SUE: I haven’t either. She CAN’T be here today.

JANE: She CAN’T comb her hair very often. It always looks awful!

Kesimpulan positip tentang MASA LAMPAU (MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

DON: That man owned three cars and several houses when he died.

JANE: He MUST HAVE been very rich!

CHRIS: I can’t open this door. Someone MUST HAVE locked it.

CHRIS: I rang Lucia last night, but she didn’t answer. She MUST HAVE gone out.

BERT: Chris has gone out, and the car’s still in the garage. He MUST HAVE gone by bus.

Kesimpulan negatip tentang MASA LAMPAU (CAN’T/COULDN’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

CHRIS: Who took my book?

IWAN: It CAN’T HAVE been Tony because he’s away today.

JANE: Chris COULDN’T HAVE SAID that! He’s too polite.

(Catatan: Dalam bahasa Inggris lisan, must have biasanya disingkat menjadi must’ve [MAStəv] — tetapi ditulis must have. Can’t have biasanya disingkat menjadi can’t ‘ve [KĀNtəv] — tetapi ditulis can’t have.)

Bentuk pasip untuk menyatakan kesimpulan

(a) Positip (MUST + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE)

Look! This tree must have been damaged by the storm!

Bill had to go to the doctor. He must have been hurt in that accident.

(b) Negatip (CAN’T/COULDN’T + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE)

That letter can’t have been written by the director. He’s overseas.

But these socks couldn’t have been mended! There are holes in them.

Kesimpulan sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan dengan WHY

WHY does he always talk about Lucia? He must like her a lot.

WHY doesn’t he do well in exams? He can’t study enough.

WHY didn’t she answer the phone? She must have gone out.

WHY didn’t he come to the party? He can’t have wanted to.

BE READY FOR THESE WORDS AND PHRASES IN THE BROADCAST

a razor [REIzə] = pisau cukur

a collection [kəLEKsyən] = kumpulan/koleksi

Balinese [bāləNĪZ] = Bali (kata sifat)

typical [TIPikəl] = khas

wear-wore-worn [WEə-WŌ-WŌN]

show-showed-shown [SYOU-SYOUD-SYOUN]

I’ll see who it is [ail SĪ HŪ_ət_IZ] = Coba saya lihat siapa itu

I’m a little hot [aim_ə_LITəl HOT] = Saya sedikit kepanasan

change your mind [CEINJ yō MAIND] = merubah/berganti pikiran

find a new friend [FAIND_ə NYŪ FREND] = mendapat teman baru

It’s made by hand [əts MEID bai HÆND] = (Itu) dibuat dengan tangan

on the coast [on dhə KOUST] = di daerah pantai

climb through the window [KLAIM thrū . . .] = memanjat lewat jendela

catch a thief [KÆC_ə THĪF] = menangkap pencuri

leave the radio on [LĪV dhə REIdiyouw_on] = radionya ditinggalkan hidup

laugh at sth. [LĀF_ət . . .] = mentertawakan sesuatu

a pocket [POKət] = saku

a thief (plural—thieves) [THĪF (THĪVZ)]

a gun [GAN] = senapan/bedil

steal-stole-stolen [STĪL-STOUL-STOUlən] = mencuri

The door’s locked [dhə DŌZ LOKT] = Pintu itu terkunci

You must be joking* [yū MUST bī JOUKing] = Saudara tentu hanya berkelakar saja

The front door was closed [dhə FRANT DŌ wəz KLOUZD] = Pintu muka tertutup

Sekarang, mari persiapkan diri untuk mengikuti siaran interaktif berikut:

PART II: AFTER THE BROADCAST

Kalau kita menarik kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang sedang berlangsung, maka kita memakai must be -ing, misalnya, He must be sleeping = Tentunya dia sedang tidur (saat ini). Untuk masa lampau, dipakai must have been -ing, misalnya, (When the phone rang) he must have been working in the garden = (Ketika tilpon berbunyi) tentunya dia sedang bekerja di halaman.

EXERCISES

A. Dari keterangan yang diberikan, tariklah suatu kesimpulan seperti contoh berikut:

Example: Jenny wants Helen’s address. She . . . . . know it.
Answer: She can’t know it.

Example: She’s never had an accident. She . . . . . drive carefully.
Answer: She must drive carefully.

1. His name’s Iwan. He . . . . . come from Indonesia.
2. She doesn’t speak French. She . . . . . be French.
3. He passes all his exams. He . . . . . work hard.
4. She’s been running. She . . . . . be hot.
5. She was sick yesterday, but today she’s gone out. She . . . . . be sick today.
6. He sees his girlfriend every day. He . . . . . like her a lot.

B. Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan MUST HAVE atau CAN’T HAVE. Jawaban saudara mungkin harus mulai dengan yes atau no. Lihatlah dulu contoh berikut.

Example: Someone fixed the mower. Bert was away at the time. Did Bert fix it?
Answer: No, he can’t have fixed it.

1. Jane was at home. Don was out. The phone rang. Who answered it?
2. Jane was at home. There was a knock on the door. Don was in Melbourne. Was it Don?
3. Someone used Bert’s razor. Iwan didn’t use it. Margaret didn’t use it. Who used it?
4. The cake has been eaten. Iwan and Chris were in the kitchen a while ago. Iwan didn’t eat the cake. Who ate it?
5. Someone told Jane a secret. Margaret didn’t know the secret. Who told Jane? (Margaret . . .).
6. Either Chris or Iwan borrowed my dictionary. Chris didn’t need it. Who borrowed it?

C. Bacalah cerita berikut dan jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan dengan pola-pola kalimat yang menunjukkan kemungkinan/kesimpulan yang sudah saudara pelajari. Ungkapan-ungkapan yang akan saudara perlukan ialah: MUST HAVE, CAN’T HAVE, MAY HAVE.

Margaret and Bert went shopping yesterday morning. (Chris and Iwan were at uni.) Margaret forgot to turn the radio off, and she didn’t do the washing-up. Bert closed and locked the doors and windows, but possibly he forgot to lock one window, because while they were away a thief came and got into the house. The thief was hungry. He saw a big cake Margaret had made. He was thirsty, too. He found a bottle of beer in the fridge. (Bert is the only one who drinks beer—Margaret and Chris and Iwan prefer lemonade.) The thief didn’t want to make a noise. He noticed the radio was on. He looked outside and saw the car near the garage.

While the thief was in the house, Chris and Iwan arrived home, but they didn’t go inside, because they decided to go and buy some hamburgers for lunch. While they were away, Margaret and Bert came back. The front door was closed, but there was a window open. The car wasn’t there. The cake had been eaten and there was an empty beer bottle on the table. The washing-up hadn’t been done, but the radio had been turned off.

Sekarang jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini. Berikanlah jawaban panjang, tetapi pakailah kata ganti di mana mungkin. Pertanyaan pertama merupakan contoh.

1. Did Bert forget to lock one of the windows? He may have forgotten to lock one of them.
2. Did Margaret and Bert go by bus?
3. Did the thief see Chris and Iwan?
4. Who ate the cake?
5. Did Chris or Iwan drink the beer?
6. Who left the window open?
7. Did Chris and Iwan take the car while the thief was in the house?
8. Did the thief steal the car?
9. Who turned the radio off?
10. Did Margaret and Bert feel pleased or frightened?